We've some samples from the 1980s that we will look at for VDV-1.   But, 
since we only found it in two samples from a year ago and from one  beekeeper, I 
doubt that it been here for very long OR else it doesn't  express itself very 
often.  It was first seen in German bee colonies in the  2000s - identified as 
an unknown particle.  The definitive thesis was  published by Ongus in 2006.
 
As per different effects from beneficial to pathogenic - your guess is as  
good as ours.  Jerry
 
 
 



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