We've some samples from the 1980s that we will look at for VDV-1. But, since we only found it in two samples from a year ago and from one beekeeper, I doubt that it been here for very long OR else it doesn't express itself very often. It was first seen in German bee colonies in the 2000s - identified as an unknown particle. The definitive thesis was published by Ongus in 2006. As per different effects from beneficial to pathogenic - your guess is as good as ours. Jerry **************It's only a deal if it's where you want to go. Find your travel deal here. (http://information.travel.aol.com/deals?ncid=aoltrv00050000000047) **************************************************** * General Information About BEE-L is available at: * * http://www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/default.htm * ****************************************************