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Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology

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Informed Discussion of Beekeeping Issues and Bee Biology <[log in to unmask]>
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Tue, 8 Oct 2019 11:06:36 -0400
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What mainly interests me is the evolutionary significance of toxins in nectar & pollen. That is, do they perform some beneficial function for the plant, or -- is it a pleiotropic effect? Such that, the plant just can't stop producing toxins in places where they may not be helpful (pollen vs. the leaves). No doubt if the toxins prevent pollination & reproduction, the species would have gone extinct through natural de-selection. 

PLB

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