We've some samples from the 1980s that we will look at for VDV-1. But,
since we only found it in two samples from a year ago and from one beekeeper, I
doubt that it been here for very long OR else it doesn't express itself very
often. It was first seen in German bee colonies in the 2000s - identified as
an unknown particle. The definitive thesis was published by Ongus in 2006.
As per different effects from beneficial to pathogenic - your guess is as
good as ours. Jerry
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