Mike said:
 this brings up the question of how feeding pollen substitute in late winter would stimulate brood rearing since none of it is used for brood rearing.

Answer: Feeding pollen supplement stimulates the development of the hypopharyngeal glands that produce  royal jelly. Royal jelly is used for feeding bee larvae. In fact one of the measures to evaluate the quality of pollen supplements in the literature is scoring the developments of the hypopharyngeal glands.

Medhat

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