Hi to all on BEE-L
Allen Dick wrote:
Dee believes that the bees they manage have some of the
original
American
bee stock in them and that this is where the thelytoky
trait
originates.
She has also studied the matter in detail, apparently
turning up
papers
describing this trait being observed in European bees long
before the
current hubbub about cape bees.
I am hoping that she will cite some here
Reply:
Before I start my reply to the above here I'd like to say
that I have been in politics for many years in Arizona.
To my knowledge no full state physical survey has been
accomplished of managed beekeepers colonies for race/strain
determination, nor has a full state field determination
been accomplished either of the feral. Therefore to state
that the whole state of Arizona is Africanized in
supposition and not actual fact.
Further, Technically under the law and by USDA definition
only one parasitic mite found in a colony defines
infestation, whether or not more are present. For
Africanization the definition is the same. ONly one mating
out of several for a queen determined by the USDA (and note
I say determined by the USDA) to be African is
Africanization. To my understanding from many legislative
hearings and agricultural hearings, anything found to be
different from stocks kept by the USDA as normal or routine
in the USA is grounds for determining africanization. To my
knowledge no full scale prior field testing of stocks both
managed and feral was accomplished prior to
*Africanization* in the USA.Therefore anything found to be
differnet that cannot be identified may be currently
wrongfully identified.
Now having said this, Allen asked for references on
Thelytoky for its scope. Perhaps it is about time to share
this information that we have used in our beekeeping that
the USDA has had access to for so long in light of recent
events and politics.
Hard to know where to begin as there is so much information
to be had if one knows where to look.
First of all Thelytoky was first found in Punic and
Tunisian bees by Hewitt. Thelytoky has also been documented
in Syrian and Cyprian bees. It has also been documented in
both golden and three-banded Italian and Caucasian bees.My
mind is also saying carnica bees, but I cannot put my
finger on paperwork for that right now in my mess of paper
right now so I will list what I hve managed to pull out so
far for those of you that have access to libraries to go
get and read and/or maybe use in research you may be doing.
IMPOV it is not a hard trait to breed for and is necessary
and beneficial on a biological beekeeping field mangement
program, at least here Arizona,(we by the way are in a
temperate zone) for part of our success in control of
mites, secondary diseases, and winter carryover if you
count breeding as 1/3 of the equation, diet `1/3 of the
equation, and environment the final 1/3.
References as follows:
first and most important- the first discoverer:
John Hewitt of Sheffield England: Journal of Horticulture
for 1892, August 11, page 134
Anderson, John,(Scotland) American Bee Journal, Vol 58 June
1918, pg 192. Laying Workers Which Produce Female
Offspring.
Fyg,W.(Switzerland) The Bee World, March 1950, pg 17-19,
Can Workers and Queens of the Honeybee be Raised from
Unfertilized Eggs?
Starr, Christopher K. (Athens GA,USA) Sociobiology Vol 13
No 3, 1987, pgs 287-293, Queen or Worker, Which is the
Original Honey Bee?
Taber, Steve, (USA) American Bee Journal, August 1989 pg
465-467, Laying Workers (references prior work in USDA with
Poole and Makensen and Tucker and Us(Lusby)).
Anderson, R.H. 1963. J Apic Res 2:85-92, The laying worker
in the Cape bee, apis mellifera capensis.
Butler, C.G. 1957 The control of Ovary Development in
Worker Honeybees (Apis mellifera). Experientia 13: 256-257
Butler, C.G. and E.M. Fairey 1963. The role of the queen in
preventing oogenesis in worker honeybees. J. Apic. Res 2:
14-18
DeGroot, A.P. and S. Voogd 1954. On the ovary development
in queenless worker bees (Apis mellifera L.) Experientia
10: 384-385
Jack, R.W. 1917 Parthenogenesis amongst the workers of the
Cape bee. Mr G.W. Onions experiments. Trans. Entomol. Soc.
London 64: 396-403
Jay, S.C. 1970. The effects of various combinations of
immature queen and worker bees on the ovary development of
worker honey bees in colonies. Can J. Zool. 48: 169-173
Kropacova, S and H. Haslbachava 1970. The development of
ovaries in worker honeybees in queenright colonies before
and after swarming. J. Apic Res 9:65-70
Kropacova, S. and H. Haslbachava 1971. The influence of
queenlessness and unsealed brood on the development of
ovaries in worker honeybees J. Apic Res 10: 57-61
Mackensen, Otto 1943 (IMPORTANT ON METHODOLOGY AND HOW
TO-Dee here for use with virgins and cells in field) The
occurrence of parthenogenetic females in some strains of
honey bees. J. Econ. Entomol. 36: 465-467
Moritz, R.F. A. 1984. Equilibrium of thelytokous and
arrhenotokous parthenogenesis in populatoins of the
honeybee (Apis mellifera) IN Advances in Invertebrate
Reproduction, W. Engels, Editor. Elsevier, Amersterdam, New
York, Oxford, pg 615
Onions, G. W. 1912. South African fertile worker bees.
Agric J. Union of South Africa 7: 4446
Perepelova, L 1929 Laying workers, the ovipositing of the
queens, and swarming. Bee World 10: 69-71
Ruttner, F. 1976 The Cape bee - A biological curiosity? In
African Bees: Taxonomy, Biology, and Economic Use. D.J.C.
Fletcher, Editor, Proceedings of the Apimondia Interntl
Sym. Pretoria, S. Africa.
Unk. 1977 The problem of the Cape bee (Apis mellifera
Capensis Escholtz): Parthenogenesis - size of population -
evolution. Apidologie 8: 281-294
Suomalainen, E. 1950Parthenogenesis in animals. Advances in
Genetics 3: 193-253
Velthuis, H.H.W. 1970. Ovarian development in Apis
mellifera worker bees. Entomol. Exp. and Appl. 13: 377-394
Verma, S. and F. Ruttner 1983. Cytological analysis of the
Thelytokous partenogenesis in the Cape honeybee (Apis
mellifera capensis Escholtz). apidologie 14: 41-57
Ruttner, F. 1976, Genetics, Selection and Reproduction of
the Honey Bee, Symposium on Bee Biology, Moscow Aug 1976,
Apimondia Publishing House, Bucharest, pg 120 Male and
Female parthenogenesis of the honeybee.
Woyke, J (Warsaw) 1961-1966, Paid for by USA Project:
E21-ENT-7 Grant # FG-PO-124-61 funding, The development
Maturation and Production of Drones and Natural mating of
Virgin and Drone Honeybees. 108 pages long.
Woyke, J (Warsaw)1966- 1971, paid by USA Project:
E21-ENT-15,Grant # FG-PO-196 funding, Biology of
Reproduction as a Basis for Production of new varieties of
honeybees. 154 pages long.
Woyke, J. (warsaw) 1978-1985, paid by USA project:
Pl-ARS-85 grant # FG-Po-365, Genetic Basis of Reproduction
in the Honey Bee. 255 pages long.
For Ed and my paper in conjunction with Dr Hoffman and Dr
Erickson in May 1991 with work done in the 1980s under USDA
western Region contract I work and Alband Calif
signed,prior to Africanization declared in Arizona in the
mid-1990s, please see:
http://www.beesource.com/pov/lusby/bsmay1991.htm
I will close with saying, last night Ed and I were called
by Bill Gafford Vice President of the Alabama State
Beekeepers Association with whom we have had a long
standing relationship as Lusby Family roots go back to New
Site, Alabama in the mid 1800s.We have been invited to
speak at their upcoming 105th anniversary meeting on Sept
21-22, 2002 in Greenville, Alabama, just like we did in
1997 at their 100th anniversary meeting.
Subject Matter will be by me:
4.9mm regresson, biological beekeeping/breeding from the
field side and yes, MAJOR emphasis on Thelytoky with
private copies of video I have from the 1980s I took
showing actual thelytoky laying workers and how they
behave.
For more informaton call Bill Gafford on attending at:
1-334-382-0117. It's sure to be another great Alabama
meeting.
Regards,
Dee A. Lusby
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