>It appears to me that if N. ceranae is a tropical parasite, it may not
thrive in cold climates at all.

N apis appears to be more prevalent in colder climates.  But when I was
speaking of cold, I was referring to seasonal cold, rather than the
absolute value.

>  You suggest a role for viruses, but decline to discuss it further. You
sound like Bob, who likes to say he knows stuff but isn't saying it. Why
come into a discussion group only to say you don't care to discuss it?

Pete, I speak regularly with researchers all over the world.  Keeping those
avenues of communication open means that sometimes I may not wish to
embarrass someone publicly by criticizing their work.  In an ideal world,
this would not be so.  But what is is.

> Is there a noticeable increase in Nosema when colonies are transported
long distances for pollination contracts?

In one study, spore counts dropped immediately post the move.  I suspect
due to the loss of the most highly-infected older bees.  In general,
though, one would indeed expect anything that increased the fecal-oral
transmission route to increase nosema prevalence
Zhu, X., Zhou, S, Z.Y. Huang. 2013. Transportation and pollination service
increase abundance and prevalence of *Nosema ceranae *in honey bees (*Apis
mellifera*) submitted July 5, 2013

I am currently running a trial to test whether the crushing of bees on the
top bars negatively effects colony buildup and survival.


-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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