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This statement is misleading:
CO2 immobilization, in entomologic research, remains a popular immobilization agent, but remains controversial because of the risk of negative effects, such as convulsion and excitation.
I have never observed either convulsion or excitation when immobolizing honey bees for PERS or for Contact Pesticide Testing. However, like Burrowing Owls, Honey Bees live in two worlds - the outside world with low C02 and the inside the burrow or hive where CO2 levels are relatively high.
Regardless, if CO2 is properly administered, one does not get excitation or convulsion. They go from active to immobile almost instantly, and the wake up and walk/fly around rapidly. Our protocols are based on Atkins and then on decades of improvements. We expect zero losses due to immobolization. The handling of bees to put them into holders for PERS and any repeated immobolizations (which we do not do, which differs from many others) are the main causes of loss of individual bees.
However, trying to gas off an entire colony with too little CO2 causes obvious stress and other negative effects. Jerry
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