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*where large beekeepers used to apply it once a year, they*
*are now needing 5-10 applications a year.*
With 5-10X the applied dose, the below quote(s) are worth noting:
High Levels of Miticides and Agrochemicals in North American Apiaries:
Implications for Honey Bee Health
<https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009754>
Beeswax remains the ultimate sink from the long-term use of the miticides
fluvalinate, coumaphos, *amitraz* (Table 4
<https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0009754#pone-0009754-t004>
)*..*..
. The most prevalent ternary combinations contained fluvalinate and
coumaphos with chlorothalonil (38.6% of samples analyzed), chlorpyrifos
(34.4%) or* degradates of the miticide amitraz (32.6%)*....The highest
frequency of quaternary combinations of pesticides were the three
miticides, fluvalinate, coumaphos and *amitraz,* with chlorothalonil (24%)
or chlorpyrifos (15.7%) or fluvalinate, coumaphos, chlorothalonil and
chlorpyrifos (19.2%)....The most prevalent triple detections were
fluvalinate and coumaphos combined with chlorothalonil (47.2%),
chlorpyrifos (41.0%), *degradates of amitraz (41.0%), *or with one of 43
systemic pesticides (47.9%).
*Beeswax is the resource of the hive that is least renewable and is thus
where persistent pesticides can provide a “toxic-house” syndrome for the
bees. *
***********************************************
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