I think it is a given that the nurse bees cleaning out infected larvae and subsequently feeding new larvae is a direct perpetuation of the infection BUT the infected bee bread is the infection source that is the hardest link to break. A simple brood break eliminates the infection from larvae but not from the stored pollen and honey. It seems that Mellissacoccus Plutonius can remain viable here for approaching two years. https://www.google.com/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=&ved=2ahUKEwinyNDP5N_wAhUbVc0KHaY3AeIQFjAKegQIAhAD&url=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.alberta.ca%2Fdataset%2F3df95a52-ed96-4ae7-96d6-f4944ecc63bf%2Fresource%2Fdc55ccdd-6e7c-459c-ae29-31d536e939dc%2Fdownload%2Faf-european-foulbrood-fact-sheet-2020-03.pdf&usg=AOvVaw1j2YctstRSQF5VmyRmQOsJ *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html