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Date: | Wed, 23 Jun 2021 08:01:45 -0400 |
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From 2011
"Widespread Occurrence of Chemical Residues in Beehive Matrices from Apiaries Located in Different Landscapes of Western France"
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0067007
QuEChERS method, followed by GC-ToF and LC−MS/MS, so lots and lots of time was put into this.
To translate the above into English: "A single extraction using a “QuEChERS approach” (“Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged Safe method”), then gas chromatography coupled with time-of-flight mass spectrometry (GC-ToF) and liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC−MS/MS)"
"The analysis revealed that 95.7%, 72.3% and 58.6% of the honey, honey bee and pollen samples, respectively, were contaminated by at least one compound. The frequency of detection was higher in the honey samples (n = 28) than in the pollen (n = 23) or honey bee (n = 20) samples, but the highest concentrations were found in pollen. Although most compounds were rarely found, some of the contaminants reached high concentrations that might lead to adverse effects on bee health." Bees are flying dustmops, and pick up absolutely everything.
Now, the bulk of this was a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the foot - "The three most frequent residues were the widely used fungicide carbendazim and two acaricides, amitraz and coumaphos, that are used by beekeepers to control Varroa destructor."
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