> Is it possible that the package was shaken from a laying worker colony....?
Yes, entirely possible, and if you are fortunate, you will notice it because there may be small drones in the package.
> ..... and my caged queen never had a chance against this?
Good question, but I think it would indicate that the package contained a large and strong population of laying workers.
> What is the average time frame that a queenless colony will develop laying workers?
I don't think the normal timeline applies when a population of laying workers is your starting point.
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