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As Oxalic Vaporization is illegal in Germany, because of user safety
concerns, there is more/better information about dribble application:
In this 2017 study they put bees into a tomograph to track the distribution
in the hive winter, it gets spread quickly through bee2bee contact. (10min)
But overall great paper for OA and its effect on bees.
https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4450/8/3/84
From what I have read Oxalic can mainly enter bees in two ways:
- consumption: bad, toxic at relatively low concentrations. Can cause
lesions in the digestive tract. Sublethal effects on winter bees. Also
accumulative effect. Only one winter treatment.
- dermal absorption: much higher tolerance.
Dose needs to be adjusted to the amount of bees. While it gets spread
rapidly within the colony, it's better to spread it out so you don't
overdose the initially hit bees.
Somewhat counterintuitive to me is the observation/recommendation that at
colder temperatures the efficacy is better for dribble.
With glycerin bees are less likely to ingest the solution -> better
tolerance/harder to overdose. I donĀ“t understand why sucrose is being used
instead of glycerin in most products. Easier approval?
No matter how they get exposed, the bees are going to get an acidosis or
"hangover" which makes them thirsty. For spring application it is
recommended to provide enough water for the bees. I suspect nectar flow is
the same situation also.
I would love to see Isotope tracking studies. Why increased toxicity in
winter bees? Does it accumulate in the fat body? Does it form Ca/Zn/Fe
oxalate complexes? How exactly is it affecting the mites/bees on a
biochemical level.
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