> Female workers result from mismatched sex alleles, and a nonviable male (drone) results from matching sex alleles. If a breeding population is to have the best chance of minimal inbreeding, and hence minimal nonviable larvae from eggs
The conventional wisdom is that inbreeding can be recognized by a scattered brood pattern. Recent work calls that into question:
> We observed that brood patterns of queens originally from poor-brood colonies significantly improved after placement into a good-brood colony after 21 days, suggesting factors other than the queen contributed to brood pattern.
Lee, Kathleen V., et al. "Is the Brood Pattern within a Honey Bee Colony a Reliable Indicator of Queen Quality?." Insects 10.1 (2019): 12.
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