> My understanding is that acid inversion produces HMF - which is poisonous
> to bees.
>

Bailey rand trial on it and it is harmful but not poisonous.  He had about
5-15% less bees make it through the winter with tartaric acid added or
boiled syrup, both of which invert the sugar.

If the calcium is the issue, then you are better with the invert sugar-
sort of a Hobson's choice, some sick bees or no bees.

Bill Truesdell
Bath, Maine

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