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> possibly been negatively impacted by toxic HFCS.
HMF is bad for bees, but HFCS is not so hot itself
> Refined, white sucrose is a crystalline solid before mixing with water to produce a syrup and is 99.9% pure (18), whereas HFCS contains fructose, glucose, oligosaccharides, SO2 from the bleaching step, hydrolysis products, and pectins (1,5). Therefore, it is not surprising that in our caged bee assays, bees lived longer on sucrose syrup of higher purity.
Formation of Hydroxymethylfurfural in Domestic High-Fructose Corn Syrup and Its Toxicity to the Honey Bee (Apis mellifera)
J. Agric. Food Chem. 2009, 57, 7369–7376 7369 DOI:10.1021/jf9014526
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