Some excerpts from the paper Medhat cited:

> Although beekeepers changed miticide regimes at each treatment, colonies that received miticide treatment in spring 2008 had higher V. destructor counts in summer and fall 2008 than untreated colonies. 

> Colonies treated with fumagillin in fall 2007 or spring 2008 also had higher V. destructor counts in fall 2008 than untreated colonies. 

> Nosema counts in spring and summer 2008 were lower in colonies that had been treated with fumagillin in fall 2007 or spring 2008 than those that were not treated. By fall 2008, beneficial effects of fumagillin had faded, suggesting that repeated application biannually is critical to controlling intensity of Nosema infestations. 

> Laboratory research by Huang, Solter, Yau, and Imai (2013) suggested that fumagillin degradation contributed to preferential proliferation by N. ceranae and that even biannual fumagillin application may not be sufficient to suppress infection over the long term. 

> Miticides can shorten lifespans, compromise immunocompetence, and affect metabolic processes of honey bees (Boncristiani et al., 2012). Fumagillin, while effective in the short-term to control Nosema infections, was associated with more intense Nosema infections in the long-term and more intense V. destructor infestations. 

[Comment: This is another paper that has taken a long time to get to press. Received 12 August 2013; accepted 4 March 2014. Published online: 24 May 2016. The work was done in 2007 - 2008]

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