This subject has always been an interest for me. Here's something I wrote some years ago that I think might shed some light on the issue: http://beekeep.info/a-treatise-on-modern-honey-bee-management/management-tools/smoking-bees-alarm-and-varroa-control/tao-of-smoking-bees/ Malcolm T. Sanford http://beekeep.info *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html