The dose makes the poison: have "field realistic"rates of exposure of bees
to neonicotinoid insecticides been overestimated in laboratory studies?

http://www.ibrabee.org.uk/index.php/component/content/article?layout=edit&id=3727

Norman L Carreck
1,2*
, Francis L W Ratnieks
1
1
Laboratory of Apiculture and Social Insects, School of Life Sciences,
University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, East
Sussex, BN1 9QG, UK.
2
International Bee Research Association, 6, Centre Court, Main Avenue,
Treforest, CF37 5YR, UK.
Received 7 May 2014, accepted subject to revision 28 November 2014 .
*
Corresponding author: Email:
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Summary
Recent laboratory based studies have demonstrated adverse sub-lethal
effects of neonicotinoid insecticides on honey bees and bumble bees,and
these studies have been influential in leading to a European Union
moratorium on the use of three neonicotinoids, clothianid in,imidacloprid,
and thiamethoxam on "bee attractive" crops. Yet so far, these same effects
have not been observed in field studies. Here we review the three key
dosage factors (concentration, duration and choice) relevant to field
conditions, and conclude that these have probably
been over estimated in many laboratory based studies.

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