> N. ceranae infections have been described to be different from N. apis symptoms. A gradual depopulation of adult bees, higher autumn / winter colony mortality, and finally the queen surrounded by only young bees have been observed in southern Europe, whereas such severe symptoms or effects have not been described from more temperate climates nor from South or North America. Possibly, differences in honey bee subspecies, foraging conditions, agricultural practices, differences in hive management practices, or other abiotic or biotic factors may contribute to the variation in symptoms described for N. ceranae infections in different regions of the world. 

> The Nosema spp. parasites in honey bees still remain largely enigmatic. The described field symptoms differ between the parasites, as do the seasonal prevalence. These observations suggest that the main mode of transmission between bees could differ between N. apis and N. ceranae. Fecal deposition within bee hives is associated with N. apis infections, but this is not the case with N. ceranae. N. apis spores also lose infectivity after freezing, but in a matter of years (Bailey, 1972) rather than a week as shown for N. ceranae (Fries, 2010).

Journal of Apicultural Research 52(1): (2013)
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