but as Peter B. pointed out from the study:

Individual bees in our study
showed a marked increase in Nosema spore production in
the laboratory but the parent colonies failed to show increased
Nosema levels over time.

I think this is significant. Researchers have shown that hive levels of Nosema ceranae may not cause serious losses in regions such as  Northeast USA, Germany and the Balkans. It may be symptomatic rather than causative, as well.

PLB

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