> In summary, this study reports residue levels of neonicotinoid insecticides in pollen and nectar that are significantly higher that amounts published in the open literature from studies of seed-treatment agronomic crops. 

> In general, residue levels in pollen and nectar were lower for treatments applied prior to or at planting and at lower rates. Foliar and drip treatments applied during flowering resulted in the highest residues of parent insecticide and metabolites.

SEE:

Use Patterns of Neonicotinoid Insecticides on Cucurbit Crops and their Potential Exposure to Honey Bees
Funded by the Strategic Agricultural Initiative Grants Program, EPA Region III
Progress Report of 2009 Study
Galen P. Dively and Cerruti Hooks
Department of Entomology
University of Maryland (UM)
College Park, MD

http://entomology.umd.edu/extension/marylandhoneybeeworkinggroup/researchprojects

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