> The use of newer systemic pesticides, including the neonicotinoids (e.g. imidacloprid) and phenylpyrazoles (e.g. fipronil), has become prevalent in the USA. As systemics, these pesticides are present in all plant tissues, including the nectar, pollen and other plant exudates. Honey bees’ exposure to these compounds is very different from that of traditional pesticides, where acute toxicity was a primary concern. Instead, honey bees at all stages of development may be chronically exposed to sublethal doses of these compounds. The consequences of this new mode of exposure have not been extensively considered in regard to pesticide regulation in the USA, although the EPA is currently reviewing the status of these compounds. Beekeepers should watch these deliberations closely. Restricting new compounds may result in a reversion to older chemistries that clearly harm bees. Beekeepers should weigh the evidence and the risks carefully before taking a position. M.D. ELLIS. Pesticides Applied to Crops and Honey Bee Toxicity

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