In Germany "No link between N. ceranae infection and an increased risk of colony mortality could be established"

> We presented evidence that the germination capacity of N. ceranae spores is affected already by moderately low temperatures (+4°C) which may hamper infectivity and transmission of N. ceranae during the winter season. Hence, we suggest that virulence and assertiveness of N. ceranae in the European honey bee population is influenced by climate and might change upon climatic changes."

Sebastian Gisde, et al. 2010. Five-year cohort study of Nosema spp. in Germany: Does climate shape virulence and assertiveness of Nosema ceranae? Appl. Environ. Microbiol.

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