Medhat commented about differences in distribution and occurrence of N.  
ceranae and N. apis in Canada.
 
Dr. Robert Cramer at Mt State University in Bozeman conducted PCR on bee  
samples we collected in 2006-2007-2008.  He also got N. apis samples from  
Ireland to check his PCR.
 
Its clear that across most of the U.S., N. ceranae was common at all times  
of the year, whereas N. apis was not.  However, in those areas and at  the 
times of year when beekeepers historically expect to see N. apis, he  found 
N. apis along with N. ceranae.
 
So, N. apis  has not disappeared from the U.S. as some contend, but  still 
appears where and when it has in the past.
 
But, whenever Robb found N. apis, he also found N. ceranae.
 
So, it seems that the U.S. may be different from Canada, which shouldn't be 
 a surprise to anyone.
 
Jerry

             ***********************************************
The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned
LISTSERV(R) list management software.  For more information, go to:
http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html

Access BEE-L directly at:
http://community.lsoft.com/scripts/wa-LSOFTDONATIONS.exe?A0=BEE-L