We were all taught that the use of smoke is necessary and routine. 
Usually that is the case, but increasingly frequently nowadays I don't 
bother with smoke, leaving the smoker unlit in the car. You have to 
know your bees to do this and there are many colonies where I wouldn't 
risk it. You need also to be aware of the potential for unpredictable 
mood swings by the inhabitants of the hive, which might be a reflection 
of the gender of the majority.

Chris

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