Zachary Huang said:

> There are THREE ways bugs can be become resistant...

Understood, but I was asking about the 2 different
'target sites' for fluvalinate and coumaphos, the
mechanisms described by which each can kill mites,
and the apparent contradiction that is offered by the
specter of "dual-resistant" mites, if this turns out
to more than a set of apocryphal tales.

> There is no scientific evidence (yet) that the fluvalinate-resistant
> mites are also coumaphos resistant, aside from anecdotal evidence.

I'm talking about the reports of coumaphos-resistant mites
also being (incidentally) fluvalinate resistant as a result
of coumaphos treatment alone.  Not the other way around.

As for "no 'scientific' evidence", I suppose that the
problem here is that most reports of this sort will
be post-mortem, and both bees and mites are dead before
the beekeeper admits that they have a problem, making
live "samples" difficult to obtain.

Has anyone reporting such "dual resistance" gathered and
submitted samples (dead or alive) to anyone/anywhere?

Your paper appears to imply that such "dual resistant"
mites either do not exist, or are very, very "lucky" mites,
progeny of mites exposed to both fluvalinate AND coumaphos,
perhaps ineffectually.

...and Amitraz?  In the US?  The Devil will likely
purchase ice skates before US beekeepers can again
purchase Amitraz labeled for apiary use!


                jim

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