Just to be clear, conifers and other deciduous trees are not the only sources of resin bees can collect from, many species of flowering shrubs, vines,(including
coating on leaves) and some herbs also produce resin which can be harvested by bees becoming propolis.

"In early times, herdsmen collected the resin of the eastern species(Cistus sp) by
combing the fleece of their flock, where the resin had collected as the animals
wandered among the shrubs."

From: Plant Resins; Chemistry, Evolution, Ecology, and Ethnobotany, 
Jean Langenheim, 2003

Kathy Kellison

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