>So far had good luck trying to address the issues instead of swapping the

> queens constantly.
>

No need to spin my answer Charlie--I never suggested swapping queens
constantly.  There is abundant evidence that on average, younger queens are
more prolific, and secrete more pheromones than older queens.

This difference in rate of broodrearing may be enough to shift the
equilibrium in favor of the bees, and against the buildup of an epidemic of
nosema.

This is a natural process used by wild-living colonies, which tend to
replace their queens yearly.  This is one way that bees "address the
issue."

-- 
Randy Oliver
Grass Valley, CA
www.ScientificBeekeeping.com

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