Selected References:
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are leaner than formula-fed infants at 1 year of age: the DARLING study. Am J
Clin Nutr. 1993;57:140-145.
Dewey KG, Peerson JM, Brown KH, et al. Growth of breast-fed infants deviates
from current reference data: a pooled analysis of US, Canadian, and European
data sets. Pediatrics. 1995;96:495-503.
Kalies H, Heinrich J, Borte M, Schaaf B, von Berg A, von Kries R, Wichmann
HE, Bolte G. The effect of breastfeeding on weight gain in infants: results of a
birth cohort study. Eur J Med Res 2005;10:36-42.
Burke V, Beilin LJ, Simmer K, Oddy WH, Blake KV, Doherty D, Kendall GE,
Newnham JP, Landau LI, Stanley FJ. Breastfeeding and overweight: longitudinal
analysis in an Australian birth cohort. J Pediatr 2005;147:56-61.
Baker JL, Michaelson KF, Rasmussen KM, Sorensen TIA. Maternal prepregnant
body mass index, duration of breastfeeding, and timing of complementary food
introduction are associated with infant weight gain. Am J Clin Nutr 2004;
80:1579-88.
Kramer MS, Guo T, Platt RW, Vanilovich I, Sevkovskaya Z, Dzikovich I,
Michaelsen KF, Dewey K; Promotion of Breastfeeding Intervention Trials Study Group
Feeding effects on growth during infancy. J Pediatr. 2004;145:600-5.
7. Dewey, K.G. Is breastfeeding protective against child obesity? J Hum
Lact 2003;19:9-18.
Grummer-Strawn LM, Mei Z. Does breastfeeding protect against pediatric
overweight? Analysis of longitudinal data from the Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention Pediatric Nutrition Surveillance System. Pediatrics
2004;113:e81-e86.
Armstrong J, Reilly JJ, Team CHI. Breastfeeding and lowering the risk of
childhood obesity. Lancet. 2002;359:2003-2004.
Bogen DL, Hanusa BH, Whitaker RC. The effect of breast-feeding with and
without formula use on the risk of obesity at 4 years of age. Obes Res.
2004;12:1527-35.
Hediger ML, Overpeck MD, Kuczmarski RJ, Ruan WJ. Association between infant
breastfeeding and overweight in young children. JAMA. 2001;285:2453-2460.
O'Callaghan MJ, Williams GM, Andersen MJ, Bor W, Najman JM. Prediction of
obesity in children at 5 years: a cohort study. J Paediatr Child Health.
1997;33:311-316.
Bergmann KE, Bergmann RL, Von Kries R, Bohm O, Richter R, Dudenhausen JW,
Wahn U. Early determinants of childhood overweight and adiposity in a birth
cohort study: role of breast-feeding. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord.
2003;27:162-72.
von Kries R, Koltezko B, Sauerwald T, et al. Breast feeding and obesity:
cross sectional study. BMJ. 1999;319:147-150.
Liese AD, Hirsch T, von Muitius E, Keil U, Leupold W, Weiland SK. Inverse
association of overweight and breast feeding in 9 to 10 year old children in
Germany. Int J Obes. 2001;25:1644-1650.
Li C, Kaur H, Choi WS, Huang TTK, Lee RE, Ahluwalia JS. Additive interactions
of maternal prepregnancy BMI and breast-feeding on childhood overweight.
Obesity Res 2005;13:362-371.
Reilly JJ, Armstrong J, Dorosty AR, Emmett PM, Ness A, Rogers I, Steer C,
Sherriff A, Avon Longitudinal Study of Parents and Children Study Team. BMJ,
doi:10.1136/bmj.38470.670903.EO (published 20 May 2005).
Toschke AM, Vignerova J, Lhotska L, Osancova K, Koletzko B, von Kries R.
Overweight and obesity in 6- to 14- year old Czech children in 1991: protective
effect of breastfeeding. J Pediatr. 2002;141:764-9.
Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Camargo CA, Jr., et al. Risk of overweight among
adolescents who were breastfed as infants. JAMA. 2001;285:2461-2467.
Wadsworth M, Marshall S, Hardy R, Paul A. Breast feeding and obesity:
relation may be accounted for by social factors. BMJ. 1999;319:1576.
Kvaavik E, Tell GS, Klepp KI. Surveys of Norwegian youth indicated that
breast feeding reduced subsequent risk of obesity. J Clin Epidemiol 2005;58:849-855.
Kramer MS. Do breast-feeding and delayed introduction of solid foods protect
against subsequent obesity? J Pediatr. 1981;98:883-887.
Tulldahl J, Pettersson K, Andersson SW, Hulthen L. Mode of infant feeding and
achieved growth in adolescence: early feeding patterns in relation to growth
and body composition in adolescence. Obesity Res. 1999;7:431-437.
Poulton R, Williams S. Breastfeeding and risk of overweight. JAMA.
2001;286:1449.
Li L, Parsons TJ, Power C. Breast feeding and obesity in childhood: cross
sectional study. BMJ 2003;327:904-905.
Victora CG, Barros FC, Lima RC, Horta BL, Wells J. Anthropometry and body
composition of 18 year old men according to duration of breast feeding: birth
cohort study from Brazil. BMJ 2003;327:901-905.
Nelson MC, Gordon-Larsen P, Adair LS. Are adolescents who were breast-fed
less likely to be overweight? Epidemiology 2005;16:247-253.
Gillman MW, Rifas-Shiman SL, Berkey CS, Frazier AL, Rockett HR, Camargo CA Jr,
Field AE, Colditz GA. Breast-feeding and overweight in adolescence.
Epidemiology. 2006;17(1):112-4.
Arenz S, Ruckerl R, Koletzko B, von Kries R. Breast-feeding and childhood
obesity--a systematic review. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2004;28:1247-56.
Owen CG, Martin RM, Whincup PH, Davey Smith G, Cook DG. Effect of infant
feeding on the risk of obesity across the life course: a quantitative review of
published evidence. Pediatrics 2005;115:1367-1377.
Harder T, Bergmann R, Kallischnigg G, Plagemann A. Duration of breastfeeding
and risk of overweight: a meta-analysis. Am J Epidemiol 2005;162:1-7.
Dewey KG. Growth characteristics of breast-fed compared to formula-fed
infants. Biol Neonate. 1998;74:94-105.
Heinig, M.J., Nommsen, L.A., Peerson, J.M., Lönnerdal, B., and Dewey, K.G.
Intake and growth of breast-fed and formula-fed infants in relation to the
timing of introduction of complementary foods: the DARLING study. Acta
Paediatrica 1993;82:999-1006.
Lewis DS, Bertrand HA, McMahan A, McGill HC, Carey KD, Masoro EJ. Preweaning
food intake influences the adiposity of young adult baboons. J Clin Invest
1986;78:899-905.
Ong KKL, Ahmed ML, Emmett PM, Preece MA, Dunger DB, Team. TALSoPaCS.
Association between postnatal catch-up growth and obesity in childhood: prospective
cohort study. BMJ. 2000;320:967-971.
Stettler N, Zemel BS, Kumanyika S, Stallings VA. Infant Weight Gain and
Childhood Overweight Status in a Multicenter, Cohort Study. Pediatrics.
2002;109:194-199.
Cameron N, Pettifor J, De Wet T, Norris S. The relationship of rapid weight
gain in infancy to obesity and skeletal maturity in childhood. Obesity Res
2003;11:457-460.
Stettler N, Stallings VA, Troxel AB, Zhao J, Schinnar R, Nelson SE, Ziegler
EE, Strom BL. Weight gain in the first week of life and overweight in
adulthood: a cohort study of European American subjects fed infant formula. Circulation
2005;111:1897-1903.
Lucas A, Boyes S, Bloom R, Aynsley-Green A. Metabolic and endocrine responses
to a milk feed in six-day old term infants: differences between breast and
cow's milk formula feeding. Acta Paediatr Scand. 1981;70:195-200.
Singhal A, Farooqi IS, O'Rahilly S, Cole TJ, Fewtrell M, Lucas A. Early
nutrition and leptin concentrations in later life. Am J Clin Nutr. 2002;75:993-999.
Plagemann A, Harder T, Rake A, et al. Observations on the orexigenic
hypothalmic neuropeptide Y-system in neonatally overfed weanling rats. J
Neuroendocrinol. 1999;11:541-546.
Nancy E. Wight MD, IBCLC, FABM, FAAP
Neonatologist
Medical Director, Lactation Services
Sharp Mary Birch Hospital for Women
San Diego, CA USA
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