Bees sting as a defensive measure, probably to induce (through pain) the individual (or animal) that is perceived as a threat to stop threatening the bee, bees or hive. All humans are "allergic" to bee venom. The usual local (and massive local reactions) likely represent the normal response to antigen (venom) - antibody (largely immunoglobulin G or IgG) interaction. In most individuals, repeated exposure causes the production of increased amounts of IgG which "neutralizes" venom and results in a diminished local response (the "immunity" which most beekeepers prize.) In life-threatening severe, systemic allergic reactions, (as I understand the current explanation), it is thought that there is an alteration in the usual antibody production such that there is increased production of IgE, vice IgG. IgE is attached to mast cells in tissue and circulation. Inter- action between venom and IgE (which occurs in small amounts under the usual circumstances of local response) produces massive release of histamine from the mast cells. Histamine contributes largely to the systemic reaction - swelling and itching and possibly hives and reddened skin at sites distant to the sting site, airway narrowing/ obstruction, increased permeability of the vascular (blood) structures with loss of fluid into the tissues, hypotension (lowered blood pressure) and shock. Loss of conscious- ness and death may ensue rapidly. Epinephrine/ adrenalin is the corrective agent/ medication. Immediate medical attention is indicated. Massive envenomation, as the result of multiple stings, is not an "allergic" reaction. Rather it is venom "overload", with direct toxic effects. Case reports indicate that healthy individuals may well survive hundreds of stings. Medical support should be sought in instances of multiple stings. I hope that this information is helpful in understanding the various circumstances outlined. I profess no credentials as other than a honeybee-sting allergic (and desensitized) physician who has kept bees since c. 1955 Barry Thompson Rockville, MD ______________________________ Reply Separator _________________________________ Subject: Re: allergic reactions Author: [log in to unmask] at INTERNET Date: 4/3/97 1:15 AM Gerry Visel wrote: > Jerry, > "Everyone" is somewhat allergic to bee stings. That's why bees sting. In fact, most people are NOT allergic to bee stings. Most reactions are local reactions to the venom, and these can vary in intensity. Allergic reactions are systemic, ie they involve distant parts of the body. While both types of reactions involve the immune system, the allergic reaction represents a "mis-firing" of the immune system, an overreaction by a system that is designed to keep our bodies free of "bad bugs and evil humors". People also can die from bee stings where the immune system acts appropriately. This is why africanized bees are so dangerous. When they sting by the hundreds, there is a venom overload that can kill. Gert Walter