I'm also interested in the answer. One other variable in queen introduction to consider is the state of the hive. - Queen replacement - bees are not missing queen substance yet - Recently queenless with brood still emerging. Emerging brood will attend the new queen and make introduction more likely - Hopelessly queenless with no emerging brood. Candy up in case attendants die, they won't block entrance. My experience so far has been one failed introduction to a hive with no queen and emerging brood. I just placed the queen and attendants in the hive. No go. I'm awaiting a queen. This time I will add two frames of emerging brood, to supply new attendants, and place the cage between the frames. I plan to remove the attendants to help things along. One other approach for tough introductions is a screen queen cage pushed into a frame over emerging brood with only the queen. The idea being that the emerging brood will attend the queen and by the time the bees dig out the screen everything is fine. I'm toying with using this approach. Comment anyone. Jim Moore aiag.enet.dec.com