Dave Eyre asks where supersedure fits into the beekeeping picture as a Good Thing. You can think of fall requeening as forced supersedure with a known queen. In both cases you end up with a nice, young queen going into the winter. The primary difference is that in one case you've spent some money and time to put in something with (hopefully) known characteristics, while in the other case you didn't invest any money and not as much time (you still have to find and mark the new queen), and you don't know what you are getting for awhile. This doesn't mean that you are going to get a bad queen on supesedure. For example, I personally use swarms to start new colonies. They nearly always supesede the swarm queen sometime during the summer, and I always have kept the new queen for those colonies. I have yet to be disappointed with the results. Incidently, the biggest "turkey" queens I have had were expensive pedigreed queens from a highly reccommended breeder (I won't mention names). Remember that for most of us, the area drones either come from other managed colonies, or from feral colonies that have held up to the mites and adopted to the local conditions. Changing subjects to hive wrapping: We in Maryland don't wrap colonies for the winter, in fact we have been taught that wrapping causes moisture buildup and other problems. Judging from the recent postings, I gather in Canada wrapping is a common practice. I suppose there is a "wrap line", north of which wrapping is advisable. Any thoughts as to where this line is? W. G. Miller Gaithersburg, MD