A friend writes: > The wax moths responsible for late-summer infestations may be progeny of moths that migrated from states at about the latitude of the Carolinas, or they may come from infestations that survived the winter in combs stored in warm cellars or partially heated garages in the north -- Morse, R. Complete Guide to BEEKEEPING. page 120 I agree that they _may be_, but I can't find evidence. On the contrary, in the following study, no wax moths were recorded. Between 1982 and 2005, records of the incidence of Lepidoptera from both light trapping and observations during the day have been taken in the cliff-top garden (ca. 0.2 ha) at the Portland Bird Observatory, Dorset, UK. A grand total of 75 species of migratory Lepidoptera were recorded at Portland between 1982 and 2005 The majority of migratory Lepidoptera to the south coast of England originate from the south and will have to fly over a minimum of 150 km of open sea to reach the recording site. Migration of insects into Britain, as between all land areas, is a persistent feature. It is considered to be the outcome of reproductive bet-hedging – spreading breeding effort in space and time over a range of environmental conditions Sparks, T. H., Dennis, R. L., Croxton, P. J., & Cade, M. (2007). Increased migration of Lepidoptera linked to climate change. European Journal of Entomology, 104(1), 139. PLB *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html