Supercedure is not as common as some would have you believe. We see about 5% and they are usually successful. If you destroy the supercedure cells the queen is usually just fine, they are trying to supersede her due to a lack of brood pheromones. They 3rd option of which you speak is costly and difficult, and was especially so back when those were written. You need southern yards, food for the bees, and someone to work them as well as transport fees. Those who do travel south will tell you, its not as easy and profitatible as it sounds. Without the huge fees from almonds it would be even rarer than it is. Charles *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html