>why do research when people are going to ignore the results and keep doing what they always did? The Canadians you mention have no way of knowing whether the fumagillin does what they think it does. I'm in agreement with you Pete, but there is also a large body of older evidence on N apis that in certain areas treatment with fumagillin resulted in less overwinter mortality and greater honey production. This correlation appears to be less clear with N ceranae, but I suspect that if conditions are such that bees start defecating in the hives due to prolonged confinement, that N ceranae could go epidemic, with serious consequences. The other thing is that our bees may be adapting to N ceranae, and be becoming more resistant as time goes on. This could have also happened with N apis, as evidenced by my chart of USDA data http://scientificbeekeeping.com/sick-bees-17a-nosema-the-smoldering-epidemic/ -- Randy Oliver Grass Valley, CA www.ScientificBeekeeping.com *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html