Neonicotinoids in bees: a review on concentrations, side-effects and risk assessment Tjeerd Blacquiere, Guy Smagghe, Cornelis A. M. van Gestel, Veerle Mommaerts Ecotoxicology. Online, 21 February 2012 This review summarizes, for the first time, 15 years of research on the hazards of neonicotinoids to bees including honey bees, bumble bees and solitary bees ... Many laboratory studies described lethal and sublethal effects of neonicotinoids on the foraging behavior, and learning and memory abilities of bees, while no effects were observed in field studies at field-realistic dosages. [bees that spent the summer gathering nectar from canola wintered normally] In general, the few reported residue levels of neonicotinoids in nectar and pollen were below the acute and chronic toxicity levels; however, there is a lack of reliable data as analyses are performed near the detection limit. [this last part means "so low as to be nearly undetectable"] *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm