but as Peter B. pointed out from the study: Individual bees in our study showed a marked increase in Nosema spore production in the laboratory but the parent colonies failed to show increased Nosema levels over time. I think this is significant. Researchers have shown that hive levels of Nosema ceranae may not cause serious losses in regions such as Northeast USA, Germany and the Balkans. It may be symptomatic rather than causative, as well. PLB *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm