<Which Nosema? What I have heard is they do not share the same characteristics as far as winter survival, for example. NC survives cold.> The viability of N. ceranae spores is significantly reduced following one week in a deep freezer, which is not the case for N. apis (Fries and Forsgren, 2009). This difference in temperature sensitivity between parasite species probably has epidemiological implications and may decrease transmission opportunities for N. ceranae, at least on wax exposed to freezing temperatures during storage. Nosema ceranae in European honey bees (Apis mellifera) Ingemar Fries / Journal of Invertebrate Pathology 103 (2010) S73–S79 *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm