I realize that folks haven't got access to some of these studies that I reference. However, I don't put junk up here. This work was done by top flight researchers (Genersch, et al) DWV suspensions were injected ventrally through the intersegmental membrane between the third and fourth abdominal segment (the typical feeding place of V. destructor) using a microlitre hollow needle (Unimed). Control pupae were mock infected with 2 ml PBS (pH 7.0) or not manipulated at all. All pupae were kept in an incubator (35 uC, 60–70% humidity) until the end of metamorphosis (fully developed adult bees). Pupae fatally injured by coarse piercing or handling became noticeable within 12 h post-infection (p.i.) by melanization and death. These pupae were removed from the experiments. *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm