> > >Possible the spread of virus in large yards might be due to the water > source with a small water source and no nectar pollen coming in (like in a > large California holding yard like Richard Adee uses). Bob, not only that, but the viruses can spread as "aerosols" when bees defecate in the air. There has been research showing that they can be picked up on air filters. Virus particles (virions) are ubiquitous. My next article for ABJ will try to put the above information into biological perspective for beekeepers. Randy Oliver *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html Guidelines for posting to BEE-L can be found at: http://honeybeeworld.com/bee-l/guidelines.htm