> > >And a viral problem might require a vector for transmission. I'm in complete agreement, Medhat (glad to know that you're riding herd on us). Transmission or mere activation from latency. Everything is tougher with mites, and likely summertime nosema infection. All three parasites open up the bee to viruses. Randy Oliver *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html