While I agree with Charlie that many commercial beekeepers raise their own queens and that more small timers should do so, I do not believe that shipping queens is harmful. I think the real causes of poor quality queens are simply the methods used in mass producing them. Too many queens per cell builder, too few drones per queen, excessive inbreeding, poor mating weather, not enough pollen, too much virus, too much miticides, etc. On the other hand, if you want queens raised in good weather on natural nectar and pollen, that are of good stock and properly mated, you are going to have either do it yourself or pay a lot more than ten bucks per queen. I have gotten queens through the mail for 35 years and they use to last at least 3 years. Now it is common for marked queens to go missing the first season. There are other causes of supercedure, however. If the colony is sick with virus, or mites, or if conditions are poor, they may "blame" the queen and replace her. Also, any time hives are trucked long distances, many queens are lost in the process. pb *********************************************** The BEE-L mailing list is powered by L-Soft's renowned LISTSERV(R) list management software. For more information, go to: http://www.lsoft.com/LISTSERV-powered.html