There seems from the discussion to be no certain way of telling whether bees are of African descent (hot or not) or whether they are of one of the European races and crosses from them. I find this surprising as it is relatively easy to distinguish between the European races by looking at a range of physical and behavioral characteristics. The most convenient of these in many ways is the pattern of wing veins, although the more characteristics are examined the more certain the result will be. Freidrich Ruttner in his book Breeding Techniques and Selection for Breeding of the Honeybee goes into some detail on this but he is concerned mainly with mellifera, ligustica and carnica and doesn't provide the indices for scutellata. It might be a worthy project for a bee lab to extend Ruttner's work in this direction. With that tool people would have certainty rather than speculation to guide them. Chris -- Visit www.honeybeeworld.com/bee-l for rules, FAQ and other info ---