At 01:36 PM 10/7/02 -0400, you wrote: Peter asked: These things all increase supercedure rates. How much depends on the stressors, time of year, duration of stress, etc. However, when a threshold is reached, the effect may be quick. We've seen significant queen losses (up to 50% supercedure) occurring within 24 hrs of the exposure or presence of the stressor - chem, bio, or environmental. Jerry > >Do these increase or decrease supercedure? How much? > >pb > >