James Kilty wrote (concerning foulbrood in UK): Destruction follows a.s.a.p. after confirmation of >AFB. There is some discretion when EFB is found, depending on colony >strength, % comb affected and time of year. Please elaborate James on criteria for EFB comb destruction. I raised the question of dealing with EFB a little a year ago on this list ( thread had subject label AFB/EFB I believe). There were interesting comments from around the world, but it struck me that EFB is not as well understood as AFB and comb destruction was rarely mentioned, which is the reason for my asking for your elaboration. Without searching the archives, here is my recollection of some things said in the discussion: - EFB is primarily a disease of stress and environmental causes (you must recognize that James, as you remark): >. EFB is much more common by virtue of our intermittent flows. - EFB is not a spore forming bacteria. I would still like confirmation of this, and it leads one to the question of how long the bacteria itself remains infective. This is a simple question, it should have a simple, experimentally verified answer. It is also a question of importance to the idea of comb destruction, and to the beekeeper if he wants to decide how long to remove frames from active duty before reintroducing them. Despite raising this question twice in the previous discussion I received no answer to it that satisfied me. - I believe there were two contributions, one from South Africa, and one from Australia saying that most beekeepers did not bother with antibiotics any more, and considered the treatment to be requeening and moving the hives to better forage. -A New Zealander (Peter Bray, I think) compared it to half moon disease. -A commercial beekeeper in the US said he had never seen anything make a whole operation collapse as quickly as EFB. -Someone said that antibiotics were more effective as a preventative than a treatment. From my own experiences, I would say 1. The last comment is accurate. 2. So is the second last (one operation here in PEI lost half its 500 hives this summer and many were packages with young vigorous queens. Packages from the same pallet in my operation are averaging over 100 lb. of honey with little loss, so management can affect the progress of the disease. 3. The disease certainly does seem to be infective and does spread in the apiary so comb removal is likely indicated. Wish I knew about destruction. 4. Here is PEI the disease is almost always accompanied by severe chalkbrood. The hives depopulate quickly. I visit yards about every three weeks and in that of space of time a hive can go from looking like it needs supers to a hive with a queen, a few hundred bees and many frames of abandoned brood some with the characteristic twisted, striated dried EFB remains, but usually much more chalkbrood. This can even happen during a flow, and the deadouts may not be robbed out and could have considerable stores. 5. Requeening, like antibiotics, is most effective before the disease gets going. Regards, Stan