> If the bees can fly, they leave before the tell tale traces appear, but we
> have had staining which was tested and was N.C.. Cold winters tend to keep
> them around.

Bees confined will crap Bill. Finding some nosema ceranae spores means
little as those spores are in most spots. Dysentery is not nosema but nosema
spores can be found in dysentery at times.
Research has shown in Spain that the main difference between nosema apis and
nosema ceranae is the lack of spotting with nosema ceranae .

Confusing but research from Spain is light years above whatever you think
you learned in Maine concerning nosema ceranae.

Got to go! Help is on the clock.

bob

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