Bob writes:
> I personally have never heard of an over the counter systemic before the neonicotinoid revolution. Systemic is fairly new to the growers I am in contact with.
Systemics have been around at least since:
1950
Pea plants made toxic to pea aphid by systemic insecticides.
1951
Systemic insecticides found for use against aphids and spider mites on
greenhouse ornamental plants.
1958
ronnel became the first systemic insecticide ingested by cattle to
kill the cattle grub.
1965
Release of carbamate insecticide pirimicarb and pirimiphos ethyl, and
the systemic fungicide dimethirimol for control of mildew on cucurbits
1966
Release of the systemic fungicide ethirimol for control of mildew on cereals
1972
The Environmental Protection Agency banned most uses of DDT .
Scientists concentrated more on developing the organophosphorous and
carbamate insecticides, which generally circumvented the problem of
transmittable residues but were more toxic to man and animals during
application.
The Department of Agriculture also developed systemic insecticides to
protect plants and animals.
1980s
there were highly publicized incidents in which misapplication of
aldicarb contaminated cucumbers and watermelons and led to adverse
effects in people.
1990
the manufacturer of Temik (aldicarb), announced a voluntary halt on
its sale for use on potatoes because of concerns about groundwater
contamination.
1992
Neonicotinoids
Imidacloprid was first registered for use in the U.S. in and is
possibly the most widely used insecticide of the group. It has a wide
range of target pests and sites, including soil, seed, structural,
pets, and foliar treatments in cotton, rice, cereals, peanuts,
potatoes, vegetables, pome fruits, pecans, and turf. It is a systemic
with long residual activity and particularly effective against sucking
insects, soil insects, whiteflies, termites, turf insects, and
Colorado potato beetle.
1993
Greater than 504 insect species are known to be resistant to at least
one formulation of insecticide and at least 17 species of insect
species are resistant to all major classes of insecticide.
1996-2005
Farmers who used GM (Bt) insect resistant technology derived a total
of nearly $9.9 billion worth of extra farm income; the majority of the
farm income benefits (55%) have been earned by developing country
farmers. Over this ten year period insecticide use on these two crops
fell by 35.6 million kg of insecticide active ingredient which is
roughly equal to the amount of pesticide applied to arable crops in
the EU in one year. See "GM crops: the first ten years - global
socio-economic and environmental impacts" by Graham Brookes & Peter
Barfoot
2006
Bt crops (in corn and cotton) were planted on 281,500 kmē (165,600 kmē
of Bt corn and 115900 kmē of Bt cotton). This was equivalent to 11.1%
and 33.6% respectively of global plantings of corn and cotton in 2006
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