> ... Certan has not been given authorisation for use in the  US.

It was told to me that the problem is cost of re-certification for use in the US. Certan was readily available in the past, may even still have a bottle bought back in the 1980's. Either the company ownership changed or prior authority expired but at some point it disappeared from stock and has never returned.

Xentari is a powdered form of Bt and is widely used by orchardists. Beekeepers reluctant to use PDB have been known to dilute Xentari at a rate of 4 teaspoons/gallon and claim it works fine.

It was my habit to print an X on treated frames. When tracheal and varroa hit locally hives were not surviving and comb went unused for years. Combs from honey supers and brood combs with an X were so brittle that they crumbled when touched, but they had not been bothered by moths.

> Supers stacked up with a saucer containing 60ml of an 80% solution of
> acetic acid in cotton wool on top of each box with all joints sealed
> works well too.

Never heard that before and the risk of handling would bother me - it can be nasty in an 80% concentration. It used to be available for developing from photo supply houses but digital cameras ended that era and it is classified as a hazardous material these days. It was available online from a photographic specialty house but required HAZMAT shipping surcharges.

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