Hello All,

I welcome researchers opinions (which could differ from mine) on the
following which is taking the subject into the realm of advance bee
breeding.

I said:
 The answer is and always has been for the *queen breeder* to bring in
outside genetics if he/she sees a brood viability problem caused by
inbreeding from a narrow gene pool.

Low brood viability can *also* be caused by inadequate mating. Inadequate
mating increase the risk of a genetic match at the sex locus, which leads to
a pepper shot low brood viability pattern.

The reason *in my opinion* a serious bee breeding program needs instrumental
insemination ( II )  using the principal of multiple inseminations rather
than singly inseminated.

Determining if the brood viability problem is from inadequate mating or a
genetic problem is impossible to determine *in my opinion* unless you are
using II and *know* the queen was mated properly *with multiple
inseminations*.

In an open mating scenario you can not *in my opinion* be sure the shotgun
brood pattern is from a genetic problem and not caused by inadequate mating.

Bob

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